ELEVATOR VERTICAL TRANSPORT


Lift, likewise called lift, auto that moves in a vertical shaft to convey travelers or cargo between the levels of a multistory building. Most current lifts are impelled by electric engines, with the guide of a stabilizer, through an arrangement of links and bundles (pulleys). By opening the best approach to higher structures, the lift assumed a conclusive part in making the trademark urban geology of numerous advanced urban communities, particularly in the United States, and guarantees to fill a basic part in future city improvement

The act of lifting loads by mechanical means amid building operations backpedals in any event to Roman circumstances; the Roman planner design Vitruvius in the first century bc portrayed lifting stages that utilized pulleys and capstans, or windlasses, worked by human, creature, or water control. Steam control was connected to such gadgets in England by 1800. In the mid nineteenth century a water powered lift was presented, in which the stage was joined to a plunger in a chamber soaked in the ground beneath the pole to a profundity equivalent to the pole's stature. Weight was connected to the liquid in the barrel by a steam pump. Later a blend of bundles was utilized to increase the auto's movement and lessen the profundity of the plunger. Every one of these gadgets utilized stabilizers to adjust the heaviness of the auto, requiring sufficiently just energy to raise the heap.

Preceding the mid-1850s, these standards were principally connected to cargo lifts. The poor unwavering quality of the ropes (by and large hemp) utilized around then made such lifting stages unacceptable for traveler utilize. At the point when an American, Elisha Graves Otis, presented a security gadget in 1853, he made the traveler lift conceivable. Otis' gadget, exhibited at the Crystal Palace Exposition in New York, consolidated a clasping course of action that held the guide rails on which the auto moved when strain was discharged from the crane rope. The main traveler lift was put into benefit in the Haughwout Department Store in New York City in 1857; driven by steam control, it climbed five stories in under a moment and was an articulated achievement.

Enhanced adaptations of the steam-driven lift showed up in the following three decades, yet no noteworthy progress occurred until the presentation of the electric engine for lift operation in the mid-1880s and the main business establishment of an electric traveler lift in 1889. This establishment, in the Demarest Building in New York City, used an electric engine to drive a twisting drum in the building's storm cellar. The acquaintance of power drove with two further advances: in 1894 push-catch controls were presented, and in 1895 a raising mechanical assembly was exhibited in England that connected the ability to the sheave (pulley) at the highest point of the pole; the weights of the auto and stabilizer did the trick to ensure footing. By expelling the confinements forced by the winding drum, the footing drive system made conceivable taller shafts and more prominent paces. In 1904 a "gearless" element was included by appending the drive sheave straightforwardly to the armature of the electric engine, making speed for all intents and purposes boundless.

With the security, speed, and stature issues beat, consideration was swung to comfort and economy. In 1915 supposed programmed leveling was presented as programmed controls at each floor that assumed control when the administrator stop his manual control inside a specific separation from the floor level and guided the auto to an absolutely situated stop. Power control of entryways was included. With expanded building statures, lift speeds expanded to 1,200 feet (365 meters) every moment in such express establishments as those for the upper levels of the Empire State Building (1931) and achieved 1,800 feet (549 meters) every moment in the John Hancock Center, Chicago, in 1970.

Programmed operation, broadly prevalent in doctor's facilities and flat structures in view of its economy, was enhanced by the presentation of aggregate operation, by which a lift or gathering of lifts addressed brings in arrangement start to finish or the other way around. The essential wellbeing highlight of all lift establishments was the hoistway entryway interlock that required the external (shaft) way to be shut and bolted before the auto could move. By 1950 programmed gather supervisory frameworks were in benefit, taking out the requirement for lift administrators and starters.

An early endeavor to limit the yield of floor space in lift establishments in tall structures was the premise of the possibility of the twofold deck lift, first attempted in 1932. Every lift comprised of two autos, one mounted over the other and working as a unit, serving two stories at each stop. The procedure is as a rule progressively received. Programmed twofold deck lifts in the Time-Life Building, Chicago, were working in 1971, and establishments in the John Hancock Tower, Boston; the Standard Oil Company (Indiana) building, Chicago; and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce, Toronto, were under development in 1971.

Present day lifts are made in an assortment of sorts for some reasons; notwithstanding standard cargo and traveler operations they are utilized as a part of boats, dams, and such particular structures as rocket launchers. Substantial lift, quick plummet lifts are utilized in skyscraper development operations. Essentially all are electrically moved, either by links, sheave and stabilizer, by a winding-drum system (still utilized as a part of some low-ascent cargo lifts), or by an electro-pressure driven blend. Numerous links (at least three) increment both the footing surface with the sheave and the security factor; link disappointment is uncommon.

The drive engine as a rule works on rotating current for slower speeds and direct current for higher velocities. With the immediate current engine, the speed is changed by fluctuating the field quality of an immediate current generator, and by modifying the immediate association of the armature of the generator with the armature of the drive engine. For fast lifts, a gearless game plan is utilized, more often than not with the links wrapped twice around the sheave. The footing lift may have a boundless ascent, be that as it may, rises surpassing 100 feet require repaying ropes—i.e., ropes from the base of the auto to the base of the stabilizer; as the auto rises, the remunerating rope weight is exchanged to the auto, and as it dives, more is exchanged to the stabilizer, keeping the heap on the drive machine almost consistent (see representation).

draulic chambers and plungers are utilized for low-ascent traveler lifts and for substantial obligation cargo lifts. The plunger drives the stage from underneath by the activity of pressurized oil in the chamber. A fast electric pump builds up the weight expected to raise the lift; the auto is brought down by the activity of electrically worked valves which discharge the oil into a capacity tank. Particular sorts of pressure driven chamber and plunger courses of action, including on a level plane put components, are utilized for unordinary applications. For example, the restricted, or "equipped," sort of water driven lift normal around 1900, with plunger and chamber fitted with bundles at each end, is utilized on plane carrying warship lifts to lift overwhelming burdens short separations. As weight is connected to the plunger, the separation between the bundles increments, and the ropes wrapped around the parcels pull up the lift.

Lifts lifted by raising ropes are required to have stage "safeguards," gadgets intended to cinch onto the steel manage rails upon initiation, rapidly braking the lift to a stop. The security, generally mounted underneath the auto stage, is incited by a speed representative through a rope. The rope pulls the wellbeing to the on position in case of intemperate descending movement of the auto. The gadget initially cuts off lift control; if inordinate speed proceeds with, it applies the wellbeing brake.

Most present day lifts are programmed, utilizing different control frameworks to work lifts exclusively or in gatherings. The soonest programmed control framework, single-programmed push-catch, gives a rider elite utilization of the auto for an outing. It is utilized as a part of little flat structures and for cargo lifts.

Aggregate operation is famous for use with a solitary lift in a building. The auto answers all brings one way in succession and after that switches and answers all brings the other way. It is utilized as a part of bigger flats, doctor's facilities, and little office structures. A variety, called two-auto or duplex aggregate, licenses two autos to work together and share calls between them.

Gathering programmed operation controls at least two autos as a gathering, keeping them planned to work inside a predefined working interim. Gathering programmed operation is utilized if movement is overwhelming and at least two lifts are working as in doctor's facilities, retail chains, and workplaces.

Isolate external entryways and auto entryways are fundamental parts of present day lift frameworks. The two generally utilize a similar kind of operation—e.g., focus opening, two-leaf, single-slide. Entryways are opened and shut by an electric engine on the auto. Entryway speed in shutting is directed to maintain a strategic distance from damage to people got in the conclusion. A sensor electrically switches the entryway on the off chance that it strikes a question in shutting. Photoelectric controls and electronic vicinity gadgets are additionally utilized to control entryway inversion. Hoistway entryways are planned with the goal that they are constantly shut before the lift can work.

For cargo lifts, vertically sliding, biparting entryways are normal. Such entryways comprise of an upper and lower leaf, mechanically connected with the goal that the base half drops to floor level while the best half transcends the taxi rooftop. A defensive inward door is regularly required.

In segregated areas, particularly in private living arrangements, a phone to an outside trade is regularly required by law. In numerous structures, lifts have intercommunication frameworks in the event of mechanical disappointments. Alert catches, crisis l

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